My research focuses on uncovering understudied patterns and drivers of neighborhood inequality in cities and examining how neighborhood conditions shape health and well-being. I examine neighborhood inequality across multiple ecological dimensions, including social, environmental, economic, education, and crime. The rationale driving this comprehensive and transdisciplinary approach is the perspective that neighborhoods are shaped by multiple ecological factors and, in turn, shape multiple outcomes. Furthermore, I examine how pathways linking place to well-being are stratified by neighborhood racial composition and are shaped by broader factors such as residential segregation and gentrification.
Neighborhood Networks
Research from various disciplines employing multiple methods on a diverse set of populations has demonstrated that neighborhood conditions have an independent influence on individual health and well-being. Another strand of research shows that neighborhood conditions diffuse or spill over to nearby communities. These two strands of research restrict processes of neighborhood influence to operate only within and between geographically contiguous neighbors. In an increasingly interconnected and mobile society, this assumption is questionable. This project’s contribution is to demonstrate that social and economic processes extend beyond the focal neighborhood and its geographically adjacent neighbors to a wider network of neighborhoods based on where and how residents move within a city.
Papers
- Candipan, J., & Brazil, N. (2026). Race, segregated urban mobility, and socioeconomic ascent: A neighborhood network approach. Urban Studies, 00420980251408585.
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Brazil, N. (2025). Beyond residential and extra-local spaces: Gun violence exposure in urban neighbourhood mobility networks. Urban Studies, 00420980251325142.
- Brazil, N., Candipan, J., Levy, B., & Tom, T. (2025). Beyond the residential neighborhood: A scoping review of research on urban neighborhood networks. Social Science & Medicine, 117945.
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Brazil, N., Chakalov, B. T., & Ko, M. (2024). The Health Implications of Neighborhood Networks based on Daily Mobility in US cities. Social Science & Medicine, 117058.
- Brazil, N. (2022). Environmental inequality in the neighborhood networks of urban mobility in US cities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(17), e2117776119.
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Brazil, N. (2022). The multidimensional clustering of health and its ecological risk factors. Social Science & Medicine, 295, 113772.
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Bastomski, S., Brazil, N., & Papachristos, A. V. (2017). Neighborhood co-offending networks, structural embeddedness, and violent crime in Chicago. Social Networks, 51, 23-39.
Media and Outreach
- Gun-Violence Exposure Across Neighborhood Networks Increased by Racial Segregation. UC Davis Center for Poverty & Inequality Research, Policy Brief, Volume 14, Number 1.
Neighborhood Governance
Neighborhood inequality is shaped by municipal governance and enforcement. I have conducted a series of studies demonstrating that biases in law enforcement extend beyond police violence and arrests to more routine forms of governance. Another set of studies examines the use and impact of municipal place-based policies to increase spatial opportunity for disadvantaged population groups. The goal in these interventions is to enhance the well-being of historically disadvantaged households by improving the places around them, whether through strategic neighborhood investments, residential mobility programs, or both.
Papers
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Wagner, J., Brazil, N., Estrada, J. A. M., & Lujan, K. (2025). Neighborhood Determinants of Health as a Composite Index: Comparing Area-Based Indices in Public Health Research. Journal of Urban Health, 1-12.
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Brazil, N., Wagner, J., & Ramil, R. (2023). Measuring and mapping neighborhood opportunity: A comparison of opportunity indices in California. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science.
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Brazil, N., & Portier, A. (2022). Investing in gentrification: The eligibility of gentrifying neighborhoods for federal place-based economic investment in US cities. Urban Affairs Review, 58(5), 1234-1276.
- Brazil, N., Vang, B., & Abdelnur, H. (2024). Neighborhood inequality in government fines: The case of parking tickets in 16 US cities. Cities, 152, 105229.
- Brazil, N. (2020). The unequal spatial distribution of city government fines: The case of parking tickets in Los Angeles. Urban Affairs Review, 56(3), 823-856.
- Brazil, N. (2016). Using Place-and Person-Based Interventions to Measure Neighborhood Effects. In Recapturing Space: New Middle-Range Theory in Spatial Demography (pp. 57-75). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Media and Outreach
- Place-Based Improvement Programs Favor Gentrifying Neighborhoods Over Those Most in Need. Center for Poverty and Inequality Research, University of California, Davis
Neighborhoods and Schools
A core component of my research focuses on understanding the influence of public schools on neighborhood processes and outcomes. Schools and neighborhoods are not completely independent of one another but interact in complex ways to influence youth development. One line of inquiry focuses on the impact of public school closures on neighborhood outcomes. Recent work has focused on the relationship between the availability and expansion of early childhood education on gentrification and segregation.
Papers
- Laurito, A., Candipan, J., & Brazil, N. (2026). The Early Childhood Care and Education Landscape in Ascending Neighborhoods. Urban Affairs Review, 10780874261459332.
- Brazil, N. (2026). Neighborhoods and Education. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Sociology, edited by L. Spillman
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Brazil, N. (2025). School Closures and the Spatial Ecology of Education Access in 10 US Cities. Geographical Analysis.
- Brazil, N., & Candipan, J. (2022). The neighborhood ethnoracial and socioeconomic context of public elementary school closures in US metropolitan areas. Social Science Research, 102655.
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Candipan, J., & Brazil, N. (2020). The neighborhood context of school openings: Charter school expansion and socioeconomic ascent in the United States. Journal of Urban Affairs, 1-26.
- Brazil, N. (2020). Effects of Public School Closures on Crime: The Case of the 2013 Chicago Mass School Closure. Sociological Science, 7, 128-151.
- Brazil, N. (2019). The effects of public elementary school closures on neighborhood housing values in US metropolitan areas, 2000-2010. Shuttered schools: Race, community, and school closures in American cities. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
- Brazil, N. (2016). The effects of social context on youth outcomes: Studying neighborhoods and schools simultaneously. Teachers College Record, 118(7), 1-30.
Media and Outreach
- American school closures can leave “eyesores” and broken community in their wake. Axios.
- How Shuttering Schools can Speed up Gentrification. Los Angeles Times.
- School Closures Disproportionately Effect Disadvantaged Communities. UC Davis Center for Poverty & Inequality Research, Policy Brief, Volume 10, Number 2.
- Public School Closures Increasing in Cities, but Affected Neighborhoods Differ Regionally. University of California, Davis.
Neighborhood Safety
Since the first paying passenger connected with an owner/operator driver through the Uber mobile application on July 5, 2010, ridehailing services have grown exponentially around the world. Uber facilitated 1.9 billion rides in just the fourth quarter of 2019 and its largest US competitor, Lyft, provides over a million trips per day. Chinese ridehailing company Didi connected 60 million trips per day in October 2020. Ridehailing drivers now account for up to 13% of vehicle miles travelled in some US cities. Such immense disruption to transportation systems has had far-reaching impacts. This project examine these impacts, focusing primarily on their influence on alcohol-related injury and death due to road traffic crashes.
Papers
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Morrison, C. N., Kirk, D. S., Brazil, N. B., & Humphreys, D. K. (2022). Ride-Hailing and Road Traffic Crashes: A Critical Review. American journal of epidemiology, 191(5), 751-758.
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Brazil, N., & Kirk, D. (2020). Ridehailing and alcohol-involved traffic fatalities in the United States: The average and heterogeneous association of uber. PLoS one, 15(9), e0238744.
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Kirk, D. S., Cavalli, N., & Brazil, N. (2020). The implications of ridehailing for risky driving and road accident injuries and fatalities. Social Science & Medicine, 250, 112793.
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Brazil, N., & Kirk, D. S. (2016). Uber and metropolitan traffic fatalities in the United States. American journal of epidemiology, 184(3), 192-198.
Media and Outreach
